DBQ-The Witch Craze

Identify and analyze at least three major reasons for the persecution of individuals as witches in Europe from the late fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries. From the Middle Ages until the 1700s, a fevered witch craze was spread throughout Europe. These witches were isolated, persecuted and when found, tortured and consequently killed. With most of the population concentrated in southeastern Europe, over 100,000 witches were tried.It was believed that these individuals practiced black magic and were associated with the Devil, but a single fact becomes clear when studying the witch craze and that is that there is a certain type of individual that was singled out as a witch. The majority of of accused witches were female(Witchcraft Statistics, doc 2) and mostly over 50 years old(Witchcraft Statistics doc 3). The witch craze concentrated on elderly women who more often than not were from a low social class (Witchcraft Statistics, doc 1. ).A combination of religious beliefs, socia l prejudices and cultural precepts helped heighten the already rampant witch persecution throughout Europe. The witch craze spread throughout the common-people of Europe, this due to a strong support to the persecution of witches advertised by influential religious leaders. Although Europe was in a state of religious turmoil due to the warfare between Catholic and Protestant faiths, Catholics and Protestants alike contributed to the spread of the witch craze. Martin Luther preached that â€Å"sorcerers or witches are the Devil’s whores who steal milk†¦torture babies in their cradles†¦ † (Religious Opinions, doc 3). John Calvin, another influential religious leader said â€Å"†¦ We are therefore taught by these examples that we have to wage war against an infinite number of enemies†¦ †(Religious Opinions, doc 4). Pope Innocent VII, issued â€Å"The Witch Bull† in 1484 where he stated it was the peoples duty to get rid of witches and he gave inquisitors the right to â€Å"exercise their office of inquisition and to proceed to the correction, imprisonment and punishment† of witches(Religious Opinions, doc 4).The strong religious belief that witches were instruments of the Devil and that it was society’s duty to eliminate them, along with the confusion and anger that was brought about by the Catholic-Protestant conflict was a contributing factor to the persecution and killing of many witches. While the preachings of influential leaders against the witches was a main factor of this witch craze, the fact that witches were women was an important factor within the faith.For centuries women within the Catholic church were seen as inferior to men and more susceptible to sin. Both the Protestant and Catholic leaders believed that women, specially elderly women were and easy pray for the devil’s deeds. â€Å"The Hammer of Witches† a witch-hunting manual created by Dominican monks they stated that women are more likely to be witches because they are more â€Å"credulous, impressionable and passionate†(Religious Opinions, doc 1).Once again due to the longstanding discrimination against women within the Catholic faith, the monks were probably heavily influenced by their faith which led them to speak so badly of women. The social prejudices held by European society about women made it easier for the persecutors to pinpoint them as lesser, crazy and most of all guilty. The belief that women, specially elder women were weak and inferior is an important factor to understand why they became the target group for witchcraft charges.The thought that elderly women were impure and more corrupt was spread by the lawmakers that made links between the physical body and witchcraft. A legal conference that took place in 1618 announced that â€Å"The bodies of aged persons are impure, which when they[become diseased with] malice† are used by the Devil to carry out his evil deeds( Scientific Opinions, doc1). This shows a clear societal prejudice against old people, specifically older women, but not everyone agreed there was a link between age and corruption.Belgian physician Johan Wier, while still showing disdain towards women and asserting their inferiority with their â€Å"melancholic nature and small brains†, concludes that although women were prone to depression the causes of their diseases were hardly supernatural(Scientific Opinions, doc2). Although not all society was convinced about the existence of witches, the fear and prejudice against older women was a contributing factor to the persecution of this specific group.The last, and probably greatest factor, that contributed to the fever of witchcraft was the fact that the European culture was characterized by strongly superstitious beliefs. The belief that witches could control men and do a variety of spells, is derived from the belief in the supernatural that most of the European population ha d. Thomas Ady, as describing the feelings of an English householder explains that â€Å"†¦ he cryeth out of some poor innocent neighbor that he or she hath bewitched him(Testimony of Accused Witches and Eyewitnesses, doc3).The testimony of a licensed midwife at Dillingen, Germany confessed her â€Å"witchcraft† and admitted that â€Å"she often had a good roast or an innocent child,†¦ kill young infants at birth† (Testimony of Accused Witches and Eyewitnesses, doc1). The report of Churchwardens in Gloucestershire England, reported that â€Å"†¦ Alice Prabury in our parish that useth herself suspiciously in the likelihood of a witch, taking upon her not only to help Christian people of diseases†¦ †(Testimony of Accused Witches and Eyewitnesses, doc4).All of these documents have in common the belief in evil women guided by the devil to preform witchcraft and unexplainable and horrible deeds such as eating young children, or bewitching young me n. The fact that these happenings were not only attributed to the supernatural, but where held as completely true, show the superstitious beliefs that so many held during the witch craze. These accusations were so serious that even those who were not guilty of anything ended up making delusional confessions in the midsts of torture.The beliefs were held as such truth that these innocent individuals would most likely by the end of their torture end up believing what they were charged with. â€Å"Some call me witch†¦ this they enforce upon me; and in part Make me to credit it†, cites the poem â€Å"The Witch of Edmonton†(Testimony of Accused Witches and Eyewitnesses, doc5). â€Å"Innocent have I come into prison, innocent have I been tortured, innocent must I die† wrote Johannes Junios to his daughter, clearly showing that many of these accusations were completely false(Testimony of Accused Witches and Eyewitnesses, doc 7).The combination of social prejudices , religious beliefs and cultural precepts helped spark the fire of a European witch craze that lasted over a century and claimed thousands of lives. The main target of this witchcraft were poor elderly women who were easy to dispose of due to years of hatred, superstition and discrimination. The European witch craze is a frightening example of how easily mankind is corrupted by hatred and prejudice and is lead to leave behind any sense of compassion, decency and rational thinking.While modern day â€Å"witch hunts† have been left for the movies and books to recreate, a great deal of prejudice still exists in the society we live in. The targeting of certain â€Å"weaker† groups by a â€Å"stronger† majority sadly remains a part of 21st century society. The reality of human society is that hardly anyone is willing to go through the excruciating process of admitting they are wrong, or realizing that things like gender, age, skin-color or religion are not to be used as an excuse to harm others.

Technology help

Technology help Introduction For a considerable period now, the United States has been among the world’s most developed countries. Majority of the industrial machines originate from the U.S. The medical industries developed rapidly due to the creative skills of the American men like Charles Darwin and Francis Galton among others. Regrettably, the rate of creativity, especially amongst the youths, has rapidly declined due to the emergence of technology in contemporary times.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technology help American become more knowledgeable specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most young people, especially those at the school going age, are techno-savvy; thus, they cannot survive without the use of computers, mobile phones, and other gadgets in their daily routine. With the extinction of the old creative generation, the US is yet to face the worst of intellectual disability. Although the use of technological devic es like computers, robots, mobile phones and other machineries has made life simpler, the youths have not only become redundant or ignorant but also have lost the power to create. Technology might be a new form of literacy; however, its uncontrolled use and misuse has pushed the US into intellectual oblivion. The United States’ Woes Despite the fact that technology came to the rescue of several areas in the society, youths, especially those in the universities and high schools, rely heavily on the technology. Consequently, the education sector has become useless because students cannot pass their exams or assignments without using computers. Personally, I see my fellow students using Google to download their assignments and other research papers needed in the course work. Thus, nobody uses his or her mind to produce original assignments; regrettably, the class assignments are full of plagiarism. Furthermore, during classes, students concentrate heavily on their mobile phones, surfing the internet instead of listening to the lecturers. I hold that, if a survey was conducted today, most students would advise institutions to invest more in the Internet than in library resources. Therefore, the current education is not only producing half-baked graduates, but also ignorant people.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sciences, especially mathematics, are one of the difficult subjects to the youths or students in the US. Scientists have resolved to use the robots to solve problems. Although the innovative scientists are old, the younger generations should use their skills. For instance, if a student uses the computer/internet service or a robot to solve his or her sums, s/he decreases the level of his/her intellectual capability. In addition, due to ‘copy pasting’ of class work from the internet or fellow students, the rate of knowledg e in the US is on the declined. For instance, the number of innovations in the twenty first century is very low compared to the innovations of the nineteenth or eighteenth centuries. One wonders, does it mean that there is nothing to discover or is it that the current generation cannot think? I think the latter makes some sense. Therefore, although students may end up in universities, most of them are not only ignorant, but also present themselves as illiterate or morons in the employment sector. Communication is one of the vital aspects needed in the progression or advancement of a nation; unfortunately, technology has ended up being a social barrier not only in the US, but also across the world. With the emergence of mobile phones, people interact less (Morino par.7), and even some employers carry out interviews using computer packages like Skype. With constant interaction, people discuss ideas, which later lead to valid or outstanding skills helpful in building a nation. Currentl y, in corporate meetings, educational forums, and other social gatherings, people do not draw their attention to the speaker; no, they are on their phones or laptops. Therefore, in social forums people discuss fewer ideas and interact less due to the divided attention.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technology help American become more knowledgeable specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the nineteenth century, most intellects or youths converged to discuss the way forward in solving emerging social problems in their vicinity. Nowadays, if the youths are not listening to music or watching a film, they are on Facebook or twitter among other social sites. Therefore, the lack of computers and handsets in the old generation produced not only intellectuals or scholars, but also innovators, which is contrary to the current generation. The current children/youths can neither think nor use their minds to solve a classica l problem in class. The result of this ‘intelligence’ catastrophe is ‘half-baked’ graduates who cannot even write a resume or a cover letter. Is Technology that bad, after all In the face of the negative things attached to technology, the most prodding question remains; is technology that bad after all. In my opinion, it is not. Every story has two sides and looking at the other side of technology unveils rich positive attributes to the benefit of the society. In the wake of the contemporary technological revolution, education has become realizable to people who could not achieve it hitherto. Online courses are now available, an aspect that renders time and space useless in terms of communication and connectivity (Mackenzie and Wajcman 26). Students can now complete their studies regardless of location. Moreover, for the wise, technology offers a rich source of invaluable information that can be used to hone one’s intelligence. Technology avails a wi de range of information, which empowers those willing and wise enough to utilize it. Knowledge is power, and by availing knowledge to people, technology gives power to the same. Therefore, in my opinion, technology is not bad at all, only that people do not want to use it rightly. In addition, technology has ameliorated the filed of medicine in the contemporary times. Studies show that people that suffer from certain diseases in their childhood have impaired reasoning abilities. Fortunately, technology has ensured that our children grow healthy, free from preventable diseases. This aspect allows our children to grow into capable adults who can reason competently (Guston 15). Therefore, the lucky individuals, those who do not get carried away by the hype that is killing our intelligence, have benefitted enormously from technology because they grow to become intelligent people. For instance, we have seen how technology can work for the god of those who use it sagely.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Think of Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, and Mark Elliot Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook. These two examples tell me that technology can be utilized for the benefit of the society if we think straight. Conclusion The US has the best experts in all sectors especially in the medical industry. Unfortunately, with the emergence and improvement of technology, the youths have not only become ignorant, redundant, or unknowledgeable but also uncreative, antisocial, and lazy. The education sector in the US produces poor scholars without innovative skills, with poor reading, writing, and observation skills. Students cannot think of their own; they rely on resources availed by technology to solve the simplest of issues like completing a simple assignment. Computers and mobile phones have produced a generation with poor listening and communication skills. On the other hand, the use of technology like the application of the PCR helps the current generation to solve many social problems like rape and other crimes. Therefore, technology in itself is not ‘bad’; however, people make it ‘bad’ through misuse or overuse. Guston, David. Between politics and science: Assuring the integrity and productivity of research. New York: Cambridge University press, 2000. MacKenzie, Donald, and Watchman, Judy. Introductory Essay in The Social Shaping of Technology. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1999. Morino, Mario. The Impact of Technology on Youth in the 21st Century, 1997. Web. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED411779.pdf

Biography of Diego Velazquez de Cuellar, Conquistador

Biography of Diego Velazquez de Cuellar, Conquistador Diego Velazquez de Cuellar (1464-1524) was a conquistador and Spanish colonial administrator. He is not to be confused with Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez, the Spanish painter generally referred to simply as Diego Velazquez. Diego Velazquez de Cuellar arrived in the New World on Christopher Columbus Second Voyage and soon became a very important figure in the conquest of the Caribbean, taking part in the conquests of Hispaniola and Cuba. Later, he became governor of Cuba, one of the highest-ranking figures in the Spanish Caribbean. He is best known for sending Hernan Cortes on his journey of conquest to Mexico, and his subsequent battles with Cortes to retain control of the endeavor and the treasures it produced.   Fast Facts: Diego Velzquez de Cuà ©llar Known For: Spanish conquistador and governorAlso Known As: Diego VelzquezBorn: 1465 in Cuà ©llar,  Segovia,  Crown of CastileDied: c. June 12, 1524 in Santiago de Cuba,  Cuba,  New SpainSpouse: daughter of Cristà ³bal de Cuà ©llar Early Life Diego Velazquez was born to a noble family in 1464 in the town of Cuellar, in the Spanish region of Castile. It is probable that he served as a soldier in the Christian conquest of Granada, last of the Moorish Kingdoms in Spain, from 1482 to 1492. Here he would make contacts and gain experience that would serve him well in the Caribbean. In 1493, Velazquez sailed to the New World on Christopher Columbus Second Journey. There he became one of the founders of the Spanish colonial effort, as the only Europeans left in the Caribbean on Columbus First Journey had all been murdered at the La Navidad settlement. Conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba The colonists from the Second Voyage needed land and slaves, so they set about conquering and subjugating the unfortunate native population. Diego Velazquez was an active participant in the conquests first of Hispaniola, and then Cuba. In Hispaniola, he attached himself to Bartholomew Columbus, Christophers brother, which lent him a certain prestige and helped get him established. He was already a rich man when Governor Nicolas de Ovando made him an officer in the conquest of western Hispaniola. Ovando would later make Velazquez governor of the western settlements in Hispaniola. Velazquez played a key role in the Xaragua massacre in 1503 in which hundreds of unarmed Taino natives were slaughtered. With Hispaniola pacified, Velazquez led the expedition to subjugate the neighboring island of Cuba. In 1511, Velazquez took a force of more than 300 conquistadors and invaded Cuba. His chief lieutenant was an ambitious, tough conquistador named Panfilo de Narvaez. Within a couple of years, Velazquez, Narvaez, and their men had pacified the island, enslaved all of the inhabitants, and established several settlements. By 1518, Velazquez was lieutenant governor of the Spanish holdings in the Caribbean and for all intents and purposes was the most important man in Cuba. Velazquez and Cortes Hernan Cortes arrived in the New World sometime in 1504, and eventually signed on to Velazquez conquest of Cuba. After the island was pacified, Cortes settled for a time in Baracoa, the main settlement, and had some success raising cattle and panning for gold. Velazquez and Cortes had a very complicated friendship that was constantly on-and-off. Velazquez initially favored the clever Cortes, but in 1514 Cortes agreed to represent some disgruntled settlers before Velazquez, who felt Cortes was showing a lack of respect and support. In 1515, Cortes dishonored a Castilian woman who had come to the islands. When Velazquez locked him up for failing to marry her, Cortes simply escaped and carried on as he had before. Eventually, the two men settled their differences. In 1518, Velazquez decided to send an expedition to the mainland and chose Cortes as the leader. Cortes swiftly lined up men, weapons, food, and financial backers. Velazquez himself invested in the expedition. Cortes orders were specific: he was to investigate the coastline, look for the missing Juan de Grijalva expedition, make contact with any natives, and report back to Cuba. It became increasingly apparent that Cortes was arming and provisioning for an expedition of conquest, however, and Velazquez decided to replace him. Cortes got wind of Velazquez plan and prepared to set sail immediately. He sent armed men to raid the city slaughterhouse and carry off all the meat, and bribed or coerced city officials to sign off on the necessary papers. On February 18, 1519, Cortes set sail, and by the time Velazquez reached the piers, the ships were already underway. Reasoning that Cortes could not do much damage with the limited men and weapons he had, Velazquez seems to have forgotten about Cortes. Perhaps Velazquez assumed that he could punish Cortes when he inevitably returned to Cuba. Cortes had, after all, left his lands and wife behind. Velazquez had seriously underestimated Cortes capabilities and ambition, however. The Narvaez Expedition Cortes ignored his instructions and immediately set out on an audacious conquest of the mighty Mexica (Aztec) Empire. By November 1519, Cortes and his men were in Tenochtitlan after having fought their way inland and making allies with disgruntled Aztec vassal states as they did so. In July 1519, Cortes had sent a ship back to Spain with some gold but it made a stop in Cuba, and someone saw the loot. Velazquez was informed and swiftly realized that Cortes was trying to fool him once again. Velazquez mounted a massive expedition to head for the mainland and capture or kill Cortes and return command of the enterprise to himself. He placed his old lieutenant Panfilo de Narvaez in charge. In April 1520, Narvaez landed near present-day Veracruz with more than 1,000 soldiers, nearly three times the total that Cortes had. Cortes soon realized what was going on and he marched to the coast with every man he could spare to fight Narvaez. On the night of May 28, Cortes attacked Narvaez and his men, who were dug in at the native town of Cempoala. In a short but vicious battle, Cortes defeated Narvaez. It was a coup for Cortes because most of Narvaez men (fewer than 20 had died in the fighting) joined him. Velazquez had unwittingly sent Cortes what he needed most: men, supplies, and weapons.   Legal Actions Against Cortes Word of Narvaez failure soon reached a dumbfounded Velazquez. Determined not to repeat the mistake, Velazquez never again sent soldiers after Cortes, but rather began to pursue his case through the Byzantine Spanish legal system. Cortes, in turn, counter-sued. Both sides had certain legal merit. Although Cortes had clearly overstepped the bounds of the initial contract and had unceremoniously cut Velazquez out of the spoils, he had been circumspect about legal forms once he was on the mainland, communicating directly with the king. Death In 1522, a legal committee in Spain found in favor of Cortes. Cortes was ordered to pay back Velazquez his initial investment, but Velazquez missed out on his share of the spoils (which would have been vast) and was further ordered to undergo an investigation of his own activities in Cuba. Velazquez died in 1524 before the investigation could be concluded. Legacy Diego Velzquez de Cuà ©llar, like his fellow conquistadores, had a profound impact on the trajectory of Central American society and culture. In particular, his influence made Cuba a major economic center and a location from which further conquests could be made.   Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963.Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. New York: Bantam, 2008.Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Unit 3 Assignment-Marketing Strategy (Asus Computers) Research Paper

Unit 3 Assignment-Marketing Strategy (Asus Computers) - Research Paper Example The prices of the products offered by ASUSTek are some of the most competitive in the market. Case in point is that the computer products and services are procured based on prevailing market prices (ASUSTek Computer Inc., 2015). The notebooks and ultrabooks are produced with distinct features that include thinness and lightness. Consequently, the products have multimedia and computing features not to mention the gaming materials. The tablets and mobiles are developed and categorized into tabs and pads (ASUSTek Computer Inc., 2015). The desktop computers are made with a number of components that ensure its functionality. The computers have both the input and output features that enhance their functionality. The networking products have wireless adapters, routers and antennas that enable connections to be effective (ASUSTek Computer Inc., 2015). The company majorly focuses on emerging markets spread on a planetary scale. Most organizations and corporations are constantly seeking computing, networking and mobile phone products to assist in the delivery of services. To this extent, the company focuses on middle and big companies as a target market (ASUSTek Computer Inc., 2015). On the other hand, the company targets the middle classes who are increasingly becoming fashionable in the modern dispensation. Smartphones have become fashionable, and the company has responded by offering competitive prices to the customers to ensure that most people can acquire the products. The company adopts discounting as a price penetration strategy across all its markets. Ideally, the company offers lower prices to some of the products that face immense competition from other materials in the market. The prices are however adjusted occasionally based on the inherent market changes. Consequently, the company uses price penetration strategy as a measure of gaining significant market share. The company has a two-dimensional distribution strategy

Celebrities Endorsement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Celebrities Endorsement - Essay Example This model can be employed by the brand managers of a company for the selection of entities for their respective celebrity endorsement initiatives and also for capitalizing and leveraging on the accessible celebrity resources through the use of a 360 degree model of brand communication which acts as the primary platform for assessing the impact and outcomes of celebrity endorsement on the popularity and positioning of a company. Celebrity endorsement has emerged as one of the most popular techniques used in advertising in the contemporary corporate world. Celebrity endorsement is perceived as a metaphorical trend and a winning formula in the domain of marketing, advertising and brand perception building for a wide category of companies. The choice of a celebrity for the advertisement of any particular product or service is one of the most crucial and tough decisions that is faced by the brand manager of a company. This is because, once a celebrity is chosen for the endorsement of the brand or the product, then the customers and stakeholders of the company automatically establish a direct sense of association between the enduring celebrity and the company and its products (Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier, 2002). Celebrity endorsement is a commonly used marketing and branding strategy that is employed by different marketing and branding managers of a company to promote brands, services or products. Though initially, the celebrity endorsement strategy of marketing was significantly used in the skincare and cosmetic brands, nowadays, celebrity endorsements have become an important marketing strategy for all types of industries and companies. celebrity endorsement is considered to be highly effective marketing strategies because they can easily trigger public interest and awareness and also draw their attention to buying the particular product or service of a company.

Midterm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Midterm - Assignment Example Rene Descartes belief in this theory borrows heavily from epistemology and rationalism. Epistemology study’s scope of knowledge and nature. In line with the Descartes belief on existentialist, it is possible for him to doubt that he has two hands (Fairfield 211). In addition, that he is sitting on a chair reading words printed on paper and summation of two and three to make five. Firstly, there is no possible way to ascertain numbers either two hands or summation because there is no reason given why the hands cannot be four or three or summation cannot be seen. In other words, these are facts whose truth and falsehood cannot go beyond mere conviction. Besides, Descartes reasoning is based on the rejection of Universalism of facts and figures. In order to have the truth, there should be a way of testing the perceived truth. In relation to reading printed words in a paper, his school of thought on universal belief falsifiers, he is convinced that a chair, paper and body posture is Universalism. He says it holds no truth, nor false, he believe that individual opinion as he perceives and disagree with universal knowledge. There is no observation without involving mental processes. It is, therefore, substantially true that the objects we perceive with our eyes are the actual reflection of the mind processes. In other words, the inward perception of on how we see people, objects or what we feel about circumstances will determine our actions or inaction. Evidently, the mind frame the situation and external body execute a course of action based on the interpretation of the inner self. With this explanation, the theory holds truth in relating experiences to mind (Campbell 68). The empirical explanation in this case is that, the objects as they appear are neither material nor material. In addition, fear, sadness and physical description of an object or a person

Shakespeares linguistic choices Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares linguistic choices Essay How effective are Shakespeares linguistic choices in conveying the power struggle between Katherine and Petruchio?  This essay will study the text The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare. It is a play written in London in 1592 and published in 1623. The play is set during the Jacobean era (1420-1600). The purpose of the play is to entertain an audience. The secondary purpose may be to inform a modern audience about power and roles of men and women in the Jacobean era. During this period of time, a persons power was shown by the language they used, so the more quick-witted and articulate a person was in conversation the more social power they held. Shakespeare uses various linguistic features in conveying the power struggle between Katherine and Petruchio. Throughout the play Petruchio belittles Katherine and damages the face she presents of herself in an effort to tame the shrew. Kath. A joint-stool. Pet. Thou hast hit it. Come, sit on me. The face that Katherine presents is not that of a typical woman. She is very vituperative and unwilling to conform to societys expectations of marriage. And by using this sexual innuendo to counter her insult, Petruchio performs a face threatening act. He reminds her of his intent to marry her and the fact that to him, she is just another woman. The utterance Come, sit on me, is an imperative. By using this Petruchio is suggesting that he feels he has enough power over her to be able to order her around. This damages her positive face of self-image, but she counters this insult in an effort to preserve her face. Kath. No such jade as you, if me you mean. The noun jade refers to a worn out horse. This connotes he is infertile and thus insulting his manhood. This insult is also a face-threatening act as it damages Petruchios positive face. He thinks he is man enough to be the one to tame the shrew but by saying this Katherine is telling him he is not. Both characters use face threatening acts to attempt to gain power of the exchange. Petruchio also uses connotation to damage Katherines face. Pet. Alas, good Kate, I will not burden thee! For, knowing thee to be but young and light. The adjective light connotes sexual promiscuity again reminding her that he sees her as a woman he can easily woo contrasting with the strong women she sees herself as. The adjective young connotes that she is naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and therefore not able to match his wit, allowing Petruchio power over the exchange. Petruchio uses a pun to make fun of Katherine. Pet. For dainties are all Kates. The pun is on the word cates. These are a form of delicate food. This connotes the idea that Kate is delicate and lady-like. This riles Katherine as, as well as using the name that she does not like he is seeing her as the opposite she sees herself and by seeing through her faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade he knows how to gain power over her. The repetition of her name also serves to make fun of her. Pet. You lie in faith, for you are calld plain Kate, And bonny Kate, and sometimes Kate the curst; By repeating her name in these noun phrases he is showing he doesnt care that she does not like the name, and shows that her sharp tongue has no affect on him, allowing him to maintain the power between them, and eventually to tame the shrew. The repetition of her name also gives the utterance a steady rhythm which serves to make Petruchio seem more intelligent as he seems to have control of his speech and words. Katherine uses metaphor to insult Petruchios intelligence. Kath. Asses are made to bear and so are you. The ass is typically seen as a stupid animal so this noun is suggesting that he is stupid. The verb phrase to bear which means to carry something, connotes the idea that Petruchio is little more than muscle. This gives Katherine the power of the exchange as it is in fact Petruchios intelligence that makes them equal and by insulting this she is suggesting that he is inferior. She also reminds him of the fact that she is equal to him in intelligence and power. Kath. Too light for such a swain as you to catch. Katherine turns the adjective light around to connote that she is more quick-witted than Petruchio, whereas he had used it to say she was sexually promiscuous. This shows that they are of equal power and are able to feed off of each other to maintain the power balance. In contrast Petruchio tries to use compliments to break Katherine down. Pet. Say that she frown, Ill say she looks as clear as morning roses newly washd with dew. Say she be mute and will not speak a word, then Ill commend her volubility. The lexical fields of nature give the play a lexical cohesion. The noun nightingale and the phrase roses newly washd with dew are things that are generally seen as beautiful and by comparing Katherine to them, Petruchio is suggesting that she is also beautiful. This makes it seem as though he sees in her, things that nobody else can see and as he can see through her he can stay on her conversational level and maintain the power balance. The use of the infinitive verb in these sentences is a form of ellipsis. Say she be mute. This is another form of covert prestige as Petruchio uses non-standard forms whereas Katherina is expected to use standard forms and correct tenses. This again shows, according to Jacobean society men were more dominant than women and suggests Petruchio is confident that he will have power in the exchange.